AS PER THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA.
The constitution declares India a sovereign, socialist, secular,[12] and democratic republic, assures its citizens justice, equality and liberty, and endeavours to promote fraternity.[13] The original 1950 constitution is preserved in a helium-filled case at the Parliament House in New Delhi. The words "secular" and "socialist" were added to the preamble in 1976 during the Emergency.[14]
India ceased to be a dominion of the British Crown and became a sovereign democratic republic with the constitution. Articles 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 60, 324, 366, 367, 379, 380, 388, 391, 392, 393, and 394 of the constitution came into force on 26 November 1949, and the remaining articles became effective on 26 January 1950.[17]
Dr. B. R. Ambedkar was a wise constitutional expert, he had studied the constitutions of about 60 countries. Ambedkar is recognised as the "Father of the Constitution of India".[20][21] In the constitution assembly, a member of the drafting committee, T. T. Krishnamachari said:
Influence of other constitutions
Government Influence
United Kingdom United Kingdom[5]
Parliamentary government
Concept of single citizenship
Rule of law
The legislative speaker and their role
Legislative procedure
United States United States[36]
Bill of Rights[5][14]
Federal structure of government[5]
Electoral College
Independent judiciary and separation of powers
Judicial review
President as commander-in-chief of the armed forces
Equal protection under law
Republic of Ireland Ireland Directive principles of state policy[14]
Australia Australia
Freedom of trade between states[18]
National legislative power to implement treaties, even on matters outside normal federal jurisdiction
Concurrent List[37]
Preamble terminology
France France Notions of liberté, égalité, fraternité[5][14]
Canada Canada
Quasi-federal government—a federal system with a strong central government[18]
Distribution of powers between the central and state governments[5][18]
Residual powers, retained by the central government[38]
Soviet Union Soviet Union[5]
Fundamental Duties under article 51-A
Mandated planning commission to oversee economic development
Germany Weimar Republic[14] The emergency provision under article 356
South Africa South Africa Amending the constitution
Japan Japan Due process
The "right to life" guaranteed under Article 21[A] has been expanded to include a number of human rights, including:[5]
the right to a speedy trial;[83]
the right to water;[84]
the right to earn a livelihood,
the right to health, and
the right to education.[85]
At the conclusion of his book, Making of India's Constitution, retired Supreme Court Justice Hans Raj Khanna wrote:
If the Indian constitution is our heritage bequeathed to us by our founding fathers, no less are we, the people of India, the trustees and custodians of the values which pulsate within its provisions! A constitution is not a parchment of paper, it is a way of life and has to be lived up to. Eternal vigilance is the price of liberty and in the final analysis, its only keepers are the people."[86]
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